India

1. Part 1: page 657-661 outline //India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj//
 * India and much of Southeast Asia was colonized long before the Africans, it already had independence movements.
 * Western educated a minority of the colonized India and the Philippines by being organized politically for decades.
 * The Indian nationalist movement showed a pattern of other nationalist challenges, causing the Europeans to retreat but were later followed in other colonies.
 * The __National Congress party__ led the Indian people to independence and governed through most of the early decades of the postcolonial era.
 * It grew out of the regional associations with the Western-educated Indian that were more like study clubs then political organizations.
 * The British officials viewed the opinions of the educated Indians that could be made known to the government, so that there would be no off potential discontent and political protests.
 * The organization had no mass base and had very few ongoing staff members or full-time politicians who could sustain lobbying efforts on any issues that were raised at annual meetings.
 * Concern for growing poverty of India.
 * Removal of barriers to Indians employment in the colonial bureaucracy and increased the India representation in the local legislative bodies.
 * The early congress party was loyal to the British rulers and confident that once their grievances were made known to the government.
 * Many Western-educated Indians were increasingly troubled.
 * British racism.
 * The Indians had poor salaries and limited opportunities for the advancement in the colonial administration.
 * During World War I, European ruler started to weaken their colonies. Causing the colonize to revolt becuase of the social and economic problems of the war at hand.
 * European powers fought one another in the colonies.
 * British and France made promises to the colonize to gain support.
 * Anti-Columbian movement.
 * Common India identity.

//Social Foundations of a Mass Movement// · Educated elites started to look for causes that would bring in a larger segment of the India’s population in their growing nationalist community. · Indian businessmen were angered by the favoritism by British rulers to the British investors in establishing trade policies in India. · Indian politics stressed about the inequalities and the more general loss to the people of India’s resources from the colonial rule. · A large portion of India’s budget went t covering the expenses of the huge army that mainly fought wars in different places; the British Empire. · Indian people paid for the British administrator’s salaries and pensions. - Had social and economic disruptions. - and radical indian nationalist said that the British was not really doing anything to help the India even though it was being bombarded with dieses. //The Rise of Militant Nationalism// //The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle// · The British took comfort from the way the people of the empire rallied to their defense. · The Indian princes offered substantial war loans and Indian soldiers to help with the war efforts in the Middle East and east Africa. And nationalist leaders like Tilak and Gandhi toured India selling British war goods. · However when the war continued it felt Indians dead who were helping the fight or left Indians to starve to death because they could not sustain a conflict that had little to do with them. This showed signs of an unrest. · The War affected all parts of the Indian population; peasants were angry about the price that was set on their market produce. Indian laborers saw their wages drop because of the rising prices. · Locals suffered from famines. · Indian politicians were angered by the British refusal to honor their wartime promises. · __Montagu-Chelmsford reform__: increased the powers to Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under their control. · __Rowlatt Act__: placed server restrictions on key Indian civil rights; example is freedom of the press. · __Mohandas Gandhi__: a nationalist movement leader who forged local protests against the British to win India’s independence. · __Satyagraha__: peaceful boycotts, strikes, no cooperation and mass demonstrations. Proved to be an effective way of weakening the British control and limited opportunities for violent reprisals.
 * Indian Nationalist leaders stressed attempted to build a mass base that had great appeal for the devoted Hindu’s.
 * Campaigns for the protection of the cows.
 * //B.G. Tilak:// a leader who was little concerned by the split.
 * Believed that since the Hindu people made up an large amount of the Indian population, nationalism should have been built on the appeals of the Hindu religion.
 * Tilak tried to promote the restoration and revival of what he believed were the ancient traditions of Hinduism.
 * Opposed women’s education and raised the very low marriage age for women.
 * Boy-cot of many British manufactured goods.
 * Tilak demanded full independence with no deals or delays and if the British failed to comply then he threatened with a violent rebellion.
 * Another major threat to the British in India before the start of the First World War came from the Hindu communalists who advocated the violent overthrow of the colonial regime.
 * Morley-Minto reforms: provided educations Indians with considerable of expanded opportunities both to vote for and serve with the local and all-Indian legislative councils.
 * Hindu started to act like terrorists to overthrow the British rule.

Part 2: page 722-723 outline //The Winning of Independence in South and South East Asia//
 * The outbreak of World War II put an end to the accommodation between the Indians national congress and the British.
 * Tensions started to build up between the Indian people and the British rulers= nationalist.
 * __Quit India Movement:__ The divisions of India and the British intransigence led to the collapse of Cripps initiative and renewal of mass disobedience campaigns.
 * The British responded with repression and a large amount of arrests; Gandhi, Nehru and other major congress politicians were sent to jail for the remainder of World War I.
 * __Muslim League__: represented division within the Indian nationalist movement. Created by the Muslims to separate them from the Hindu believes as it dominated India. They rallied to the British cause.
 * __Muhammad Ali Jinnah:__ A former congress politician who won much favor forms the British for wartime support.
 * Demanded for a separate Muslim state that link together Britain and Jinnah and other key league leaders became part of the struggles for decolonization in South Asia.
 * World War II brought similar disruptions that were caused by the early global conflict.
 * Inflation started up urban unrests, while a widespread famine brought on a party by wartime transport storage and engendered bitterness in India.
 * Muslims tried to dominate the Hindu minority and the Muslims would become the focus on increasing discrimination.
 * Communal riots started to spread throughout India making the British and the Congress party politicians to conclude that a blood bath could be averted only by partition. Led to the creation of two sub-continents: one secular and the other one Muslim.
 * No longer a Gandhi to preach tolerance and communal coexistence too because on January 30 of 1948 he was shot on the way to one of his regular prayer meetings.
 * Granted India its independence because of Gandhi’s civil disobedience campaigns was the inspiration of the successful struggle for independence.

2. Leadership Analyzes Chart: Mohandas Gandhi

· Growing poverty in India. · Educated elites started to look for causes that would bring in a larger segment of the India’s population in their growing nationalist community. · Indian politics stressed about the inequalities and the more general loss to the people of India’s resources from the colonial rule. · A large portion of India’s budget went t covering the expenses of the huge army that mainly fought wars in different places; the British Empire. · Boy-cot of many British manufactured goods. · India started to oppose British rule and wanted independence because they were being put into a positions they had no part in being by having to support the War over in Europe. So the Indian people started nationalist movements. · Tensions started to build up between the Indian people and the British rulers= nationalist. · __Muslim League__: represented division within the Indian nationalist movement. Created by the Muslims to separate them from the Hindu believes as it dominated India. They rallied to the British cause. || 3. Indian Identity An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India.
 * Name of Leader: Mohandas Gandhi ||
 * Lifespan: 1869-1948 || Title: ||
 * Country/region: India || Years in Power ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Gandhi believed that civil disobedience and peaceful protests was the way for the Indian people to gain independence.
 * Motivated by the Africans and their attempt to take territory back from the European powers and he was inspired by them, and it led to why he dressed like he did during his nationalist movement.
 * Goals: there were two goals for Gandhi; one was the give the Indian people their independence but, he also wanted to make the two different religions: Muslim and Hindu to get along with one another and become peaceful. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Boy-cots: Gandhi led protests to help preach against the British rule but, his protests were peaceful. One example of Gandhi form of protest was hunger strike, where he technically starved himself so the British would put down their rule.
 * Another form of protest was the India people stopped wearing British made cloths and started wearing clothing made in their own country. This way if they wear their own made cloths then it would show nationalism rather then imperialism and colonialism.
 * Then there was just picket sign protest that was peaceful. But it only turned violent when the British shot protestors.
 * Assassination of Gandhi was significant because it caused one of their followers to rise to power and granted India its independence from the British. ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Protests against British rule- eventually the India were tired of waiting for them to gain their independence. || Long-Term Effects
 * It gave the Indians their independence from the British rule.
 * The rivalry between the Muslims and the Hindus. ||

Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.


 * What is an Identity? An Identity is a factor that makes you, you. Your identity is made up of how you were raised and the background that you have; like your nationality.
 * How are our identities formed? Our identities are formed by how we view things through our eyes, how we react, how we see the world around us and how we feel about things that occur in our lives that have an effect on us.
 * How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others? Our identities influence the way we may see ourselves and other by our actions to something or one another.
 * What is conformity? Conformity is the way someone goes along with the way things have to be done and does not try to change it, so they do not try to fight it.
 * How does a society decide who belongs and who does not? A society decides who belongs and who does not is by the way they think about the issues; like the people who belong have the same views on it and share the same idea. But the people who do not belong are the people who have a different opinion on the issue or something. And by how different they are from the rest for example the white v.s black; back then the white people thought they belonged and the black people did not so its why they did violent things to them. Another example is the rich and poor.
 * How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking? Our attitudes and beliefs influence our way of thinking is that if your against something and it goes against your beliefs it is not going to change anything about you. For example if your against the testing on animals in a lab, you are not going to go out and by things that are tested on them, you are going to go out and look for things they aren't.
 * What does it mean to belong to a group? What it means to belong to a group is that you have things in common with them by sharing the same views and opinions on different matters. And it also means that you are accepted.
 * How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined? Membership is defined by the people who runs the group or who is in change and by whom membership is defined by is the people who are part of the group. By how you get along with everyone and how you are compatible with each other.

media type="custom" key="8858120"