The+world+economy

1. Notes page 350-359

Maritime Power: MI: The European ships started to control the trading routes of the sea but the ships could only travel across the Mediterranean and could not yet sail across the oceans until their technology improved. New Technology: A key to power MI: The new technology gained from influence and advancements in technology already existing within their society. And with new technology then europe can expand and spread their influence and other things to different places rather than being sessile to one place; having more to trade with rather then the rest of europe, asia and africa. Portugal and Spain lead the pack MI: How with the improvements from technology and since Portugal and Spain became freed of Islamic rule they were able to expand their influence. Portugal was able to reach japan and Spain reaching the Americas. So they were the first to lead the expansion using trade to other regions beyond their regions they were trading with. Northern European Expeditions MI: The expeditions of northern Europe for other regions. The Columbian Exchange of disease and food MI: How the Columbian exchanged caused different foods to be spread across different regions but it also spread around diseases that other regions such as the ones that belonged to the Indians did not know how to treat them and were killed. The West's Commercial Outreach MI: How the western also known as Europe started to send out merchants to other regions to trade between goods. And it started an increase in commercialism and how it eventually reached the limit and how it expanded. Imbalances in World Trade MI:How their started to be an imbalance in World trade and how they were trying to get regions to trade among themselves rather then exporting their goods to other regions to help create a balance in the trading system.
 * Merchants became aware of the increasing world.
 * Europe's upper class had become accustomed to the imports of goods from southeast Asia and India; mainly spices.
 * Europeans believed still the world was flat which made them fear if they went near the horizon they would fall off the edge of the world.
 * Launched efforts of expansions but faced problems with the fear of strength with the emerging ottoman empire and the lack of gold to pay for the imports from Asia.
 * Limited to how far they could travel because how small the ships were for mediterranean trading.
 * Europe developed deep-drafted and round hulled sailing ships so they could move across the ocean and have an improvement on the ore-powered ships that was used for mediteranean trade.
 * Creations of the gunnery weapons because of europes knowledge of explosives and chinas invention of gun powder.
 * Cape of Good Hope: where Portuguese sailors ventured around and attempted to find India that would give the Europeans an easier way to obtain luxury cloths and spices easier.
 * Christopher Columbus: An Italian navigator that was united with the new Spanish monarchy sailed for a western route for India but instead find America and mistaking them Indians.
 * Americano Vespucci: an Italian who first name was used to name the land found be called America.
 * Ferdinand Magellan: a Spanish explorer who was sent out for an expedition in 1519. finding the Indonesian islands, eventually claiming the Philippines until 1898.
 * Dynamism occurred because of Spain and Portugal expansion.
 * Improved the designs of British and Dutch vessels that made the ships lighter and more faster than the Catholic adversaries.
 * Dutch East India Company: An jointed stock company that had government monopoly over trade in Asia.
 * British East India Company: A jointed stock company that government a monopoly over in India.
 * Victims of diseases were Native Americans who were not exposed to any of the afro- European diseases like small pox and measles meaning that they did not have a natural immunity.
 * New crops were spread across rapidly through western merchants: corn and sweet potatoes taken up in China.
 * Agricultural improvements caused a large population increase.
 * Lepanto: a battle that happened in 1571 when the Spanish fleet defeated the navy of the ottoman empire.
 * Even though Europe did not take over inland territories of Africa or Asia, they sawed out to find a limited network of secure harbors.
 * lacked a good banking system.
 * Western Europe quickly expanded its manufacturing so it could export expensive finish goods like guns and cloth and in return traded for silver and sugar causing less of a profit.
 * Core Nations: system that supplemented the growing economy by using self-serving political policies.
 * Mercantilism: a doctrine which urged nation-states to not import goods from nations outside their own empire but could sell them to the exports to their own ships.

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2. Early patterns of Colonialism || || ||
 * **Spain** **and Portugal in the Americas:**
 * Spain colonized several west Indian islands after the first voyage of Columbus; colonizing Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
 * In 1509 the settlements started to establish on the main land because for the search of gold.
 * Vasco de Balboa: an unscrupulous adventurer who established the first colony that became known as Panama.
 * Separate expeditions from the Spain’s colony of Cuba launching a conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico. Also sent another expedition to the Incas where they had to fight for expansion.
 * Spread to Colombia and portions of Argentina.
 * Francisco Pizarro: a Spanish adventurer who was violent and treacherous; meaning he had different ways of gaining territories for instance when he captured Emperor Atahuallpa took the ransom money and then strangled the emperor once he got what he wanted. Created a cattle ranch in the colony of Panama and then want for Peru for the wealth.
 * Agricultural settlements became established and then colonial systems and it took shape under the bureaucracy under Spain and Portugal influence.
 * **The British and French in North America:**
 * Religious refugees fled from England to get away from the tensions.
 * Government granted a larger part of proprietors; to help recruit settlers.
 * New York began because of the Dutch settlement but was taken over by the English expeditions.
 * Canada was the first substantial European settlements created by the French government under the rule of Louis XVI.
 * Create manorial estates under great lords whose rights became taken away by the state.
 * New France: had 55,000 settlers from the peasant society that were centered around the fortress located within Quebec.
 * Seven Year War: lasted for seven years between France and Britain for colonial control over Canada.
 * Treaty of Paris: a treaty that caused France to lose the colony; which settled the war between them in 1763.
 * **African and Asian trading stations:**
 * Cape Colony: planted by the Dutch on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.
 * In Africa was constructed of fortresses, negotiating with their kings and the merchants.
 * Boers: farmers who began to spread out large agriculture in the region that was still populated by the Africans.
 * The Dutch East India Company administered portions of the main islands of what is present day Indonesia and Taiwan off the coast of China.
 * Rivalry between France and Britain over the control of India when the Mughal empire was starting to weaken causing inefficiently increased.
 * British East India Company had advantages by gained a station in Calcutta giving them access to the great wealth over in India by the Princes.
 * Had influence over the government and the superior navy of the British empire, leaving them with better communications through out the oceans trading routes.
 * French wanted more of a missionary.