Decline+of+Dynasties


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * Ottoman empires crisis was brought about by the succession of weak rulers in the political and social order that entered on the sultan.
 * power struggle for power with their rivalry with ministers, religious experts and the commanders of the Janissary corps.
 * Competition between the elite factions who had effective leadership over the empire.
 * weakening control over the population and resources it claimed to rule over.
 * The artisan class was competing with the Europeans for imported goods.
 * Merchants grew more dependent on the commercial dealings with the Europeans.
 * The ottoman empire economic dependence on the Europeans threatened the politics causing and increase in rivalry.
 * Ottoman leaders embroiled the internal squabbles and armies that did not have the resources needed to match the weaponry and training of the European rivals.
 * Russians took the land of the ottomans.
 * Reform and survival-lost of territories and defeats on the battlefield.
 * The survival is resulted in part from the divisions between the Europeans powers.
 * Both sides feared the others would gain more total dismemberment of the empire.
 * British tried to stop the Russians from gaining control over Istanbul but it threaten the British naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
 * Selim III: believed that the bordered initiatives were needed if the dynasty and empire would survive.
 * His reforms efforts were more of improving the administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy.
 * Mahmud II: a more skillful sultan who built a small professional army with the help of his European advisors.
 * Ordered the mutiny of the Janissaries.
 * Tanzimat reforms: between 1839 and 1876 when the western influences were pervasive on the upper levels on the ottomans society.
 * University education was reorganized on the western lines.
 * training in the European sciences and mathematics were introduced.
 * State run postal and telegraph systems were introduced to the ottoman empire.
 * Proposals for women education and the end to seclusion, polygamy and veiling were debated in the ottoman empire but very few improvements in the position of the women.
 * Abdul Hamid: an ottoman sultan who responded to the growing threat of the western officers and the civilians by trying to return to despotic absolutism.
 * He nullified the constitution and restricted civil liberties.
 * Deprived the west from gaining power through imperialism policies.
 * Troublemakers were imprisoned, sometimes tortured and killed even if they were suspected they still were treated like prisoners.
 * Ottoman Society for Union and Progress: People who resisted the authority of Abdul Hamid because it led to the exile of Turkish intellectuals and political agitators.
 * Assassination attempts-failed because of the division of ranks from the west and encounters with the police.
 * What was left of the ottoman empire was cut short on August 1914.-start of World War I || * Napoleons invasion of Egypt in 1798 sent a wave across of what remained of the independent Muslim world.
 * Napoleons motives for launching an expeditions of the empire in the middle east had little to do with the design for the empire.
 * Saw the Egyptian campaign as a way to destroy the British power that existed over in India because France had the short end of the stick for the earlier wars over the empire.
 * Napoleon managed to slip past the British blockades on the Mediterranean sea.
 * Murad: the head of the coalition of the Mamluk households that shared power in Egypt at the time of Napoleons arrival, and dismissed the invaders as a donkey boy, who he would drive from his land.
 * Muhammad Ali: emerged as an effective leader for Egypt and deeply impressed by the weapons and disciplines of the French armies.
 * Arabians started yo devote his energies and the resources of the land were brought under his rule by the building of military force.
 * Khedives
 * Suez Canal ||

2. Page 604-611 Notes The Last Dynasty: The Rise and fall of the Qing Empire in China Over All MI: Basically the section of the Chapter is about how the Qing dynasty came to be and how it came to an end because of the imperialism from Western trade, causing corruption within China. Leading the trading of opium and rebellions in the society ending the final dynasty of China. Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule MI: How the economy and the society of the Qing dynasty was like during the early centuries of its rule and how it changed over time. Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration MI: In the Qing dynasty the bureaucratic government started to be broken down and how in the society of China things started to become separated between one another causing it to end within itself. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After MI: When the Chinese started to trade with the British. But the trade was imbalanced because China only wanted gold and silver in exchange for their tea. But Britain could not afford it and instead traded opium to the Chinese even though it was banned. Leading to the opium war and how it affected the Qing dynasty. · Chinese started to become more involved with trading between the Europeans but referred to them as barbarians because they threatened the empire from the outside. · Britain wanted the tea from China and they could obtain it by giving China gold and silver but it caused an imbalance of trade so in return they gave China opium even though it was banned in their society. · It angered the emperor at the time causing him to write a letter to the current queen of the United Kingdom asking her to stop the trade of opium in his country or that he will have to resort to more violent matters. · When the queen did not react to the letter from the Chinese emperor he took matters into his own hands and blew up one of the warehouses where the opium was being held. · It angered the British and led to the start of the __Opium War__. · __Lin Zexu__: one of the emperors most distinguished officials in the empire who had the orders to use every means available to stamp out the trade. Led the group of people to search the opium warehouses and destroy them. · Qing emperor was forced to sure for peace and exiled Lin to a remote providence of the empire. · The opium war and the second conflict allowed the European powers to force China into opening trade and diplomatic exchanges. · The treaty of 1842 made no references to the opium trade and after Chinas defeat the opium drug came into China without it being checked. A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms MI: The Qing dynasty after their lost in the opium war at risk of losing their civilization even though it was already taken by the Europeans. However, rebellions started to form in China causing chaos threatening to destroy whatever still remained of the Qing dynasty. But the dynasty could not pass any reforms because they kept failing causing the society to go into more of a downfall. The fall of the Qing: The end of a Civilization? MI: The fall of the Qing dynasty and the end of the dynasty system.
 * __Nurhaci__: The local leader who was the architect of the unity amongst the quarrelsome Manchu tribes.
 * __Banner Armies__: A combined cavalry of each of the tribes that extremely cohesive fighting units of eight armies. Named after the flags that identified each other.
 * He remained the nominal vassal of the Chinese Ming emperor, Nurhaci’s forces continues to harass the Chinese people who lived near the Great Wall.
 * The Manchu elites adopted the Chinese ways becoming more accelerated.
 * The Manchu bureaucracy organized along the Chinese lines, Chinese court ceremonies were adopted and the Chinese scholar-officials found lucrative employment in the growing barbarian states that lied north of the Great Wall.
 * The declining Ming dynasty gave an opportunity for the Manchu to seize control over China.
 * __Qing__: the Manchu regime before the conquest of China, ruled a larger area then the previous Chinese dynasties.
 * A few limits of as to the high talents of the ethnic Chinese could rise in the imperial bureaucracy.
 * The early Manchu leaders were patrons of the Chinese arts.
 * __Kangxi__: a significant Confucian scholar that fallowed his own rights. He and a bunch of Manchu rulers employed thousand of scholars to the great encyclopedia of Chinese learning.
 * The Manchu determination to preserve much of the Chinese political system was paralleled by an equal conservation approach to the Chinese society as a whole.
 * Zhu Xi a writer who was influential in the preceding dynasty era.
 * Long-nurtured values such as respect for ranks and the acceptance of hierarchy such as old over the young, male over female, scholar-bureaucrat over commoners.
 * The lives on women on all social levels remained the center on being confined to the household.
 * Male control was enhanced by the practices of choosing brides from the families who had slightly lower in the social status then those of the grooms.
 * Indications that the incidence of the female infanticide rose in this period.
 * The world belong to the men even though the women from the lower class families continued to work in the fields and sell produce in the local markets.
 * Taxes and state labor demands were lowered.
 * A sizeable chunk of the imperial budget went to the repairs of existing dikes, canals and roadways.
 * Compradors: a wealthy group of merchants who specialized in the import-export trade on Chinas southeast coast.
 * The Qing dynasty was in decline.
 * The bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese empire were starting to rot from within the borders of China.
 * The exam system had become riddled with cheating and favoritism.
 * No one had nearly enough money to buy a post for sons and or brothers.
 * Cheating had become so blatant by the early 18th century in the 1711 students who failed the exams at Yang Zhou held a public demonstration to hold protest against bribes given to the exam officials by wealthy salt merchants.
 * The classical confusion education stressed the responsibilities of the educating ruling classes and the obligation to serve the people.
 * __Taiping Rebellion__: on of the rebellions that wanted to over throw the Qing dynasty. It was led by the mentally unstable and some what Christianized prophet __Hong Xiuquan__.
 * Hongs talented military commanders worked growing numbers of his followers into a formidable army that included Hakka women.
 * Taiping fighters won a series of victories against the demoralized and ill disciplined Qing forces who were suppose to destroy them.
 * Taiping fighters start to plot and quarrel amongst themselves causing some to be killed and other deserted their case, causing the quality of military commanders and the training of god worshippers to decline.
 * All the rebellions threatened to topple the Qing dynasty.
 * The Taiping only offered sweeping programs for social reforms, land redistribution and liberation of women.
 * Smashed ancestral tablets and shrines.
 * Self-Strengthening movement: leaders who responsible for China. The leaders aimed at the West for encountering challenges.
 * The Taiping declines because of Hongs death.
 * The Manchu rulers tried supporting the officials by having them push for extensive political and social reform; some were inspired by the West.
 * The reforms failed because the efforts were repeated and the members of the imperial household and their allies wanted to preserve the old order with only minor changes to avoid concessions with the West.
 * __Cixi:__ the ultraconservative dowager empress who became a power behind the throne. She and her fraction crushed the most serious movement toward reform.
 * __Boxer Rebellion__: a rebellion that broke out when members of the Qing dynasty household wanted to expel foreigners from China.
 * The boxer rebellion broke out in 1898 but, was stopped because of the intervention of the imperialist powers.
 * Led to the Europeans having greater control over the Chinese.
 * All the efforts failed because of lack of coordination and sufficient resources.
 * Some of the secret society cell became a valuable training ground that prepared the way for a new sort of resistance to the Manchus.
 * Sun Yat-sen: emerged as one of their most articulate advocates, seizing power was also seen as a way to enact desperate need a social program.
 * Puyi: the last emperor of China who was disposed and one of the most powerful provincial lords that was asked to establish a republic government in China.
 * The things that existed during the civilization were violently destroyed.