Middle+East

This is the Middle East because it is in the middle of the Eurasia. Also because of what I remember about reading in the book and how it covers the areas colored purple in my map.

What was right on my mind map is that it is in the middle of Europe and Asia. There are also conflicts in the middle east so I think that is correct for the identity map. And also that people look to the Middle East for the natural resource since they have an abundance of it within their territory. However what I think i got wrong was that it is Muslim culture, i mean it is but there are things that make them different from one another.

Voice Thread: Different maps of the Middle East Questions: Comments:
 * What changes in the ottoman empire in the 1900s that the territory in northern Africa was included?
 * How did the Ottoman empire lose territory in Northern Africa.
 * In the possible future map of the Middle East how did we lose all the territories in red letters?
 * The Middle East map that is based off today's view shows the expansion of territories by the Muslim culture.
 * The Middle East gained territories and lost them.
 * Some of the Stan's are not included in the Middle East territory.
 * The Middle East in the possible future includes the two stan's and secludes the rest still as being part of the Middle East.
 * All the territory names changed and new territory was added to the Middle East but, somehow they lost the territory that was there during present day.

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East MI: The Egyptians trying to gain their independence from Great Britain by resorting to some violence. Also, the rise of nationalism in the middle east because they wanted to stop the influence from the Europeans. War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East MI: How the world wars affected the Egyptians and how they started war with the British to gain independence. And how the Egyptians nationalist movements were suppose to help them gain their independence and get the Europeans out of the Middle East. Revolt in Egypt, 1919 MI: the Revolt in Egypt that started to erupt with chaos but, the British came into Egypt to defend the Suez Canal. And the revolt led to the unrevolutionary process of the decolonization of Egypt. But the revolt caused a lot of trouble like bankruptcy.
 * The Egyptian officers were aimed at the liberation of the Egyptian people from the Turkish overlords as well as other European powers = led to the British occupying Egypt in 1882.
 * __Lord Cromer__: a high commissioner of Egypt who pushed from much needed economic reforms that would reduce the debts of the puppet khedival regime but, it could not eliminate it.
 * Cromer also saw sweeping reforms with in the bureaucracy and the construction of irrigation systems and public works.
 * The British were forced to rely greatly on the local estate owning notables for extending their control into the rural areas = Ayan’s received most of the benefits of the new irrigations works, the building railroads and the increasing orientation of Egyptian agriculture to the production of raw cotton = did not apply to the mass of rural cultivators and laborers.
 * Ayan’s greedily got even larger estates because they turned the smaller owner holders into landless tenants and laborers because of no legal restrictions.
 * The resistance from the khedival regime and the British was left in the hands of the middle class because the Aryan’s were busy with there wealth.
 * The Egyptians independence was taken up mainly by the sons of the effendi who were made up of the middle class.
 * In the 1890s and the 1900s numerous newspapers written in Arabic exposed the mistakes of the British and the corruption of the Khedival regime. The Egyptian news writers also attack the British for their racist arrogance and their monopolization of positions in the bureaucracy.
 * Heavy-handed British put down student riots or retaliation to assassinate attempts against high British and Turco-Egyptian officials.
 * __Dinshawai incident:__ Was a confrontation between the British and the Egyptians. The Egyptians villages raised large numbers of pigeons which were part of a peasant’s supplementary diet. Turned into a holiday past time when they were started to be hunted. A party of British officers were hunting pigeons in the village of Dinshawai but, they accidentally shot the wife of a prayer leader = villages became angry and started attacking each other.
 * One British officer was killed = 4 villagers were hung.
 * The harsh actions of the British caused a storm of protests in the Egyptian press and among the nationalist parties.
 * Building of a mass base for an anti-British agitation = nationalism
 * British put a temporary stop to the agitations but, it caused war and a revival toward independence with more strength then before.
 * Resistance to the Europeans colonial domination spread to the rest of the Middle East.
 * __Ataturk:__ was a skilled military commander who emerged for the Turkish officer corps during the early part of the war.
 * In 1923 an independent Turkish republic was established.
 * Betrayed promises to preserve Arab independence that the British made in the 1915. The British and the French forces occupied much of the Middle East years after the war.
 * __Hussein__: the sherif of Mecca who used the ideals of the promises to get the Arabs to rise to support the British who were in war with the Turks.
 * __Mandates:__ governments entrusted to the British in the Middle East after World War I. They occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq and after 1922 Lebanon and Palestine.
 * The sense of Arabs humiliation and anger was increased because of the intensified of the disposition of Palestine = British occupation was coupled with promises for a Jewish homeland.
 * __Zionists__: Jewish people who wanted the racism of Jews to stop.
 * __Balfour Declaration:__ approved by the British War cabinet fed the existing Zionist’s aspiration for the Jewish people to return to their ancient Middle Eastern land of Origin = Jerusalem
 * __Leon Pinsker:__ a Jewish intellectual that assimilated that the Jewish people could not be welcomed into or accepted by the Christians in the European nations was impossible because of the violent assaults against the Jewish people.
 * The Zionist movement for the Jewish people was opposed by the French, the Germans and other parts of Western Europe even though they enjoyed citizenships and extensive civil rights.
 * __Theodor Herzl__: an established Austrian journalist who was stunned by the French mobs shouting “Death to the Jews”.
 * __Alfred Dreyfus:__ A French army officer who was also Jewish but, was falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans. He received subsequent mistreatments = exile to Devil’s Island. Became the flashpoint for bitter debate in France.
 * __World Zionist Organization:__ Founded by Theodor Herzl to help promote the Jewish migration and settle in Palestine to form a Zionist state.
 * War broke out and it formally declared a protectorate in 1914.
 * The main priority of the British was to defend the Suez Canal because it was part of the trading route for the Europeans to get to Asia.
 * Wafd party
 * Sa’d Zaghlul

Page 727-729- Outline Notes MI: The section talks about the independence movement in the Middle East and how they were able to push away from western rule because the world wars gave a strong influence. Also it talks about the Zionist movement and how the Jewish people were fleeing to Palestine to get away from Hitler and his final solution. And how the Arabs and the Zionist got into a bloody battle causing hostility between Arabs and Israelis. · Egypt and other Middle Eastern states had technically gained their independence between the World Wars even though European powers remained strong. World War II caused their independence to become more complete. However it was not until the 1970s that the Middle East was able to push away from the Western rule and take back their oil fields. · In the Egyptian revolt of 1952, the Egyptians were able to gain independence causing the rest of North Africa to gain ground even with their struggles against the French. · Palestine had special problems in the 1960s. The Hitler campaign of genocide against the European Jews, gave strong enough support for the Zionist insistence for give the Jewish people a homeland. · The brutal persecution of the Jewish people got them sympathy for the Zionist cause. · Partly due to the fact that the United States and Great Britain were reluctant to let the Jewish people into their country from the Nazi terror. · Led to the Jewish immigration of Palestine. · The growing Arab resistance to the Jewish = rioted and violent assaults on the Zionist Community = increase of restrictions on the amount of Jewish people into the country. · A major Muslim revolt erupted in Palestine in 1936 to 1939. The British were able to put down the rising but only with great difficulty. · __ Haganah __ : An underground terrorist organization that was a Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to the British. · At the end of world war II major parties claimed that the Palestinians were locked into a deadly stalemate. · The Palestinian Arabs and their allies were determined to change the Palestine’s to a multireligious nations but the Arab minority would be ensured. · The British wanted to leave the Palestine’s because they forgot about their responsibility and was under attack from both sides. · British commission came up with a partition. · The Arab that bordered the newly created nation of Israel had opposed the United Nations actions = led to an all out warfare and it is still going on today.
 * Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question **

Page 798-801-Outline Notes

Military Responses: Dictatorship and Revolutions
 * Difficulties that the leaders faced after gaining their independence and the advantages the military= crisis situation. The proliferation of the coups in the emerging nations.
 * Armed forces have been divided up by their religion and ethnic rivalries.
 * Political breakdowns and social conflict led to the military being processed as a monopoly to restore the order.
 * The soldiers were more ready then the civilian leaders to be used to their disposal despite the destructive consequences.
 * They had some degree of technical training.
 * Military leaders banned the civilian political parties and imposed military regimes of various degrees of repression and authoritarian control.
 * The military regimes dictatorial powers made the military in Uganda, Myanmar and Congo quashed the civil liberties while making little effort to reduce the social equalities or improve the living standards.
 * __Gamal Abdul Nasser__: a military leader who took steps toward economic and social reforms. They took the power in Egypt after a military coup in 1952.
 * __Free officer’s movement__: a radical movement who succeeded in gaining power. The free officer’s movement evolved from a secret organization that was established in the Egyptian army during the 1930s.
 * The movement was founded by idealistic young officers of the Egyptian army rather then the descendents of the Turco-Egyptians. They studied the conditions in the country and got ready to seize power for the revolution.
 * __Muslim Brotherhood__: a revolutionary alternative to the khedival regime. The brotherhood was founded by a man named Hasan al-Banna in 1928.
 * //Hasan al-Banna//: A school teacher who studied the famous muslim reformer Muhammad Abduh during his younger years,
 * Members of the brotherhood were committed to the revival of Islam. Their main focus was social liftups and sweeping reforms. Became part in a wide range of activities.
 * Promoting trade unions.
 * Building medical clinics to educate women.
 * Pushing for land reforms.
 * The brotherhood fomented strikes and riots and established military youth organizations and assassination squads. Even though their leader was killed they still expanded their influence amongst the middle class youngsters and the impoverish mass.
 * The revolution began causing the monarchy to end and with the Nasser and the free officers put into power the Egyptians could rule themselves for the first time.
 * However by 1954 all political parties were disbanded (including the Muslim Brotherhood).
 * Nasser and his fellow officers used dictatorial powers to force through programs that they believed would lift up the long oppressed Egyptian mass. Believed that only state had the power to carry out the essential social economic reforms that intervened with all aspects of the lives of the Egyptians.
 * Land reforms limits were placed on how much land a person could own and excess lands were taken and given to the landless peasants.
 * To create Egypt’s economic independence there was stiff restrictions placed on foreign investments.
 * The land reforms efforts were frustrated by the corruption of the bureaucracy and the clever strategies devised by the landlord class to hold their own estates.
 * The gap between aspirations and means were increased in the later years of Nasser’s reign by the heavy coasts of failed foreign adventures and the disaster the 6-day War with Israel in 1697.
 * //Six-day War//: lasted for six days before it ended.
 * __Anwar Sadat__: Nasser’s successor who had little choice to dismantle the massive state apparatus that had been created. Favored private over state initiatives. Under his rule the middle class who were restricted by Nasser became a power force again.
 * He expelled the Russians and opened Egypt to the aid and investments from the United States and Western Europe.
 * __Hosni Mubarak__: Sadat’s successor, he continued in the same direction. Checked the alarming rate of the Egyptian population growth and the corruption of the bureaucracy.
 * After the assassination of Sadat, others have sustained terrorist campaigns that aimed at overthrowing the Mubarak regime.

Page 802-803 Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
 * Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: A person who led Iran into a post colonial society that provided more fundamental challenges to the existing world rather then a revolution.
 * The Khomeini revolution of 1979 was a throwback of the religious fervor of anti colonial resistance movements like the ones led by Mahdi and Sudan.
 * The core motivations for the followers of both movements were provided by the emphasis on religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics
 * Led to Madhi and Khomeini to be central to the Islamic traditions.
 * Called for a return to the society that existed in the past during the “gold age” when the prophet Muhammad was central to the policies by both the Mahdists’s and the Iranian regimes to gain power.
 * Both movements were aimed at toppling the Western-backed governments.
 * Even though they both came from the Sunni and Shi’a religious traditions, they still were still claimed to be divinely inspired deliverers.
 * Promised to rescue the Islamic faithful from the imperialist Westerners and from corrupt and heretical leaders within the Muslim world.
 * Both promised their followers magical protection and instance paradise if they should fall while waging holy war against the lasting state and social order.
 * Each revivalist movement was set on defending and restoring what the leaders believed was the true beliefs, traditions and institutions for the Islamic civilization.
 * Both movements wanted to spread their revolution to the surrounding areas. Believed that they were setting in motion forced that would eventually sweep the entire globe.
 * Through proclaimed it as an alternative path for development that could be followed by the rest of the emerging nations.
 * Khomeini’s revolution owed its initial success in seizing power to the combination of circumstances that was unique to Iran.
 * The Shah’s dictatorial and repressive regime offended the emerging middle class, whom he considered was his strongest potential supporters.
 * //Ayatollahs//: religious experts.
 * //Mullahs//: local prayer leader and mosque attendants who guided the religious and personal lives of the great majority of the Iranian population.
 * The Shah’s angered the smaller bazaar merchants who maintained a close link with the mullahs and other religious leaders.
 * Left Iran with alternatives for the future because of all the religious movements.

Summary: Middle East(What I learned) Before, all I knew about the Middle East was that it was located between Europe and Asia. However, now I got a better understanding of the Middle East and have a little bit more knowledge about it. For instance the Ottoman Empire controlled the territory known as the Middle East but, because of World War I it was separated into mandates to avoid future wars over oil. Another is that the British and the French in 1916 created amongst one another the Syke-piertt agreement which it gave the French the territories of Lebanon and Syria, while the British got the rest of the territories. I also learned new things about Egypt and how they resorted to violence to gain their independence from the British. And these actions came about because of nationalism. Before the British occupied Egypt in 1882, they were ruled by the Turkish. And how Lord Cromer was pushing for economic reforms that would reduce the debts of the puppet khedival regime yet he could not eliminate. There was also the Dinshawai incident. The Egyptian villages raised large numbers of pigeons who were part of a peasant’s supplementary diet. But, the British turn it into a holiday past time where they would hunt them. However when British officers were in the village of Dinshawai they accidentally shot the wife of a pray leader, which led to the villagers becoming angry and led them to attack one another. The incident led to one British officer was killed; it caused 4 villagers to be hung. The harsh action by the British led to a storm of protests and it built a base for an anti-British agitation. And also learned about the Jewish people fleeing to Palestine and the Arabs and Israelis reaction and how there was always hostility between them. Then there were the dictatorships and the revolutions of the Middle East. And how the military was processed as a monopoly to restore the order. But the military had dictatorial powers quashed the social liberties while making little effort toward social inequalities or improving the living standards. Which led to three groups to come into power; one was Gamal Abdul Nasser who took steps toward economic and social reforms. There was also the free officer’s movement who succeeded in gaining power and evolved from a secret organization established in the Egyptian army during the 1930s. Finally there was the Muslim Brotherhood who was founded by a school teacher named Hasan al-Banna. The brotherhood was committed to the revival of Islam and focusing on social lift ups and sweeping reform and taking part in activities: promoting trade unions, building medical clinics to educate women and pushing for land reforms. Finally, I learned that Iran was trying to revive their religion and rejecting the west and how it led to the state that it is in today.

Leadership Analysis: Gamal Abdul Nasser


 * Name of Leader: Gamal Abdul Nasser ||
 * Lifespan 1918-1970 || Title: President of Egypt ||
 * Country/region: Middle East, Egypt || Years in Power 1956-1970 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Armed forces were divided by the religious and ethnic rivalries that have been disruptive in the new nations.
 * Military training often render soldiers more resistant to other social groups.
 * Political breakdowns and social conflicts caused the military to gain control and possess a monopoly to force essential for restoring the order.
 * Once the military was in control the leaders banned civilian political parties and imposed military regimes of varying degrees of repression and authoritarian control.
 * The military made little attempts to reduce social inequalities or improve the living conditions.
 * The military regimes were taking high proportion of the nations little resource and using them to expenditure on expensive military hardware.
 * Nasser took power in Egypt after a military coup in 1952.
 * The khedival regime did little as to help improve the living standards causing conditions to become worst and having the Egyptian government parties did little but, they were raking in wealth for their elitist membership.
 * Free officers movement who was a secret organization and were successful in gaining power.
 * British were still in control of the Suez Canal = Wanted independence and wanted them out of Egypt.
 * Monarchy ended letting Nasser and Free Officers to have the Egyptians rule themselves for the first time.
 * Nasser and his officers used dictatorial powers to force programs that they thought would lift up the oppressed Egyptian masses.
 * Egyptian defeat in the Arab-Isreali War. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Believed that only the state had the power to carry out reforms that were important to the society and the economy.
 * Committed to the revolution.
 * Ruled as a dictatorship.
 * Nasser stressed the struggle to destroy the newly developed Israeli state, also forge Arab unity and foment socialist revolutions in the neighboring lands.
 * gain Suez Canal from the British.
 * Make Egypt a powerful region again because after the British left they left the social in bankruptcy. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Land reform was enacted that limited how much land a person could own and excess lands were taken and were given to the peasants who did not have any land.
 * State- financed education through the college level was made available to the Egyptians.
 * Subsidies were used to lower the price of wheat and cooking oil.
 * To establish economic independence restrictions were placed on the foreign investments.
 * Foreign properties were taken and given to the Egyptian investors.
 * Nasser made a good use of the rare combined backing of the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve his aims in the crisis at the Suez Canal.
 * Six-Day War with Israel in 1967 because of the heavy costs of his failed foreign adventures.
 * Government was main source of employment.
 * Kicked out the British and the French.
 * Radical leader.
 * Decreased the unemployment rate.
 * Free officers movement.
 * Muslim brotherhood tried to assassinate Nasser = Nasser suppressed them. ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Land reform efforts were frustrated by bureaucratic corruption and strategies created by the landlord class so they could grab hold of their estates.
 * State development lacked the proper funding and failed because of mismanagement and miscalculations.
 * Egyptians population continued to grow but it quickly cancelled out the additional lands that dams produced. || Long-Term Effects
 * A long term effect of Nasser would be his nationalist movement for Egyptian independence.
 * Dams still exist along the Nile River.
 * Lack of parasites that caused the Egyptian people to go blind.
 * Decline in fertility of farmlands. ||

Leadership Analysis: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini


 * Name of Leader: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ||
 * Lifespan 1902-1989 || Title: The First leader of Iran ||
 * Country/region: Middle East, Iran || Years in Power 1979-1989 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Return to the society that they believed existed in the past “golden age” of the prophet Muhammad was central to the policies by both the Mahdists’s and the Iranian’s regimes.
 * Promised to rescue the Islamic faith from the imperialist Westerners and from the corrupt and heretical leaders in the Muslim world.
 * Promised his followers magical protection and instant paradise if they should fall waging the holy war against the Heretics and the infidels.
 * Iran was reduced to a sphere of informal influence that was divided between Great Britain and Russia.
 * Neither the Bureaucracy nor the communication infrastructures that accompanied colonial takeovers were highly developed.
 * Western-educated middle class did not emerge.
 * Because of their oil wealth the Iranians were wrenched out of isolation and backwardness.
 * Shah tried to impose economic development and social changes through the government’s directives.
 * Shah dictatorial powers offended the middle class.
 * After awhile people wanted Khomeini into power and wanted Shah to exile to Paris. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Core motivations for Khomeini movement were to provide an emphasis on religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics.
 * Central to Islamic traditions.
 * Claimed to be a divinely inspired deliverer.
 * Khomeini revivalist movement was aimed to defend and restore what he and other believed were the true beliefs, traditions and institutions of the Islamic civilization.
 * Spread his movement to the surrounding areas where both Muslim and Infidels could believe that he was setting forces in motion to sweep the entire globe.
 * Defied the predictions of most Westerners on the Iranian affairs and followed through on his radical promises. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Khomeini’s planners drew up schemes for land reforms, religious education and economic development.
 * The Iran-Iraq war that resulted in the Iran’s energies and resources being swallowed up leaving them with little for an entire decade.
 * Khomeini’s refusal to negotiate peace caused heavy losses and untold suffering for the people of Iran.
 * Finally after so many people were killed fighting against Iraq, Khomeini agreed to a humiliating armistice in 1988. ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Religion revival.
 * The schemes for land reforms, religion education and economic development created by Khomeini’s planners. || Long-Term Effects
 * The punishments still exist in Iran like amputation of limbs for theft and stoning for women who commit adultery.
 * Women had to wear veils
 * And career prospects for the women of the middle class were limited.
 * Always involved in some form of fighting.
 * Remains isolated. ||