African+nationalism

Page 666-669- Outline Notes The beginning of the Liberation Struggle in Africa Page 723-727- Outline The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Repression and Guerilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies · The processes of decolonization in most parts of Africa were unworkable in most of the Settler colonies. · South Africa was provided were few openings for the nationalist’s agitation by the political and economical dominance. · Settlers regarded to colonies which they emigrated in permanent homes and fought all attempts to turn political control over to the African minority. · Refused all reforms by colonial administrators that required them to give up any land. · African leaders turned to violent revolutionary struggles to gain their independence. · Jomo Kenyatta: leader of Kenya who adopted the non violent approach. · Kenya African Union: a underground organization that coalesced around a group of more radical leaders. · Land Freedom Army: radical organization for independence in Kenya who were frustrated by failure of nonviolent means. § Used Guerrilla warfare. The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa
 * Most of Africa was under the colonial rule of the Europeans before the start of World War I.
 * Pre colonial missionary efforts had produced small groups of Western-educated African in parts of the west and south central Africa.
 * Westernized Africans were loyal to the British and French overlords during World War I.
 * The British and French were draw to Africa for their manpower and raw materials throughout the war = rubber.
 * Local rebellions = force recruiting of African soldiers and laborers effecting the colonized societies in Africa.
 * African merchant and farmers suffered from shipping shortages and sudden decline for crop demands like cocoa.
 * Africans were not happy that they had to starve and have their groups go to the troops in the war to feed them.
 * Europeans kept few of their promises for better jobs and public honors = induce young Africans to enlist in the armed forces or serve as a colonial administrator.
 * After the war major strikes and riots broke out repeatedly.
 * Marcus Garvey: An African political leader who had a major impact on emerging African nationalist movement.
 * W.E.B Du Bois: Another African political leader who had a major impact on the emerging African nationalist movement.
 * Pan-Africa: An organization that brought together the intellectuals and political leaders of Africa.
 * Pan-Africanism proved to be unworkable in Africa itself = aroused anti-colonial sentiments amongst the Western-educated Africans = did not effect the Africans who were no western-educated.
 * Nationalists in the French and British colonies were going their separate ways.
 * Restrictions in the colonies.
 * Small yet well educated groups of Africans were represented in the French parliament.
 * Concentrated on organizing and ideological efforts in Paris.
 * Negritude: a literary movement nurtured by exiles that did much to combat the radical stereotypes that existed in the Africans psychological bondage to the Europeans.
 * Leopold Sedar Senghor: a Senegalese poet who was part of the negritude.
 * The Negritude’s argued that African built societies where woman were freer, old people were better taken care of and the attitudes toward sex were healthier then the West.
 * Their efforts to win a mass following would come to full fruition after World War II.
 * World War II proved to more disruptive to the colonial order imposed on the Africans then World War II.
 * Forced labor and confiscations of crops and minerals returned and the inflations and controls on the African market let to a cut down on their earnings.
 * Africans who served in the wars with the Middle East and South East Asia witnessed the defeats of the British and French.
 * Experienced renewed racial discrimination when they returned home.
 * The Shift and humiliating rout of the French and the Belgians from the Nazi armies shatters whatever was left of the French reputation for military prowess.
 * The wartime needs for both the British and the French led to major departures of colonial policies that restricted industrial development through out Africa.
 * The Factories established the needs for vegetable oil, food and minerals from west and south central Africa.
 * The inability of many who moved to the towns to find employment made for a reservoir of disgruntled.
 * Idle workers were skillfully trades because of the nationalist politicians during the post war era.
 * Kwame Nkrumah and his followers in the British Gold coast colony launched the process of decolonization in Africa.
 * Nkrumah was educated in the African missionary schools and in the United States where he established a wide spread contacts with nationalist leader in British and France and the civil rights leaders.
 * The restrictions of government controlled marketing boards and their favoritism for the British merchants led to non-violent protests in the coastal cities = police fired at peaceful protestors = riots.
 * The urban workers and cash crops farmers supported the unrest. Western-educated African leaders were slow to organize dissident groups to sustain the mass movement.
 * Their reluctance arose in the fear of losing major political concessions.
 * Nkrumah resigned from his position in the Gold Coast political party and established the Convention Peoples Party.
 * Educated Africans were given more representation in the legislative bodies taking over the administration of the colony.
 * The peaceful devolutions of power in Africa led to the impendence from the British non-settler colonies.
 * National Liberation Front: mobilized large segments of the Arab and Berber population of the colony in a full scale revolt against French rule.
 * Secret Army Organization: it was directed against the Arabs and the Berbers and the French who favored independence for colony.
 * Violent revolutions put an end to white settler dominance in the Portuguese colonies.
 * Ability to do so rested on several factors that distinguished it from other settler societies.
 * The white population of South Africa, roughly equally divided between the Dutch descendent Afrikaners and English speakers.
 * There was a small minority of white settlers of a country of 23 million black Africans and 3.5 million East Indians and colored.
 * Built up a persuasive ideology of white racist supremacy.
 * Afrikaner racism was far more explicit and elaborate then that developed by the settlers of any other colony.
 * Their defeat by the British in the Boer War from 1899 to 1902 contributed much to the capacity of the white settler minority.
 * Senses of guilt arise from treatment of Boer women and children during the war that died from diseases in the British centration camps.
 * Afrikaner National Party: emerged as majority party in the all-white south legislature after 1948.
 * Apartheid: a rigid system of racial segregation by the Afrikaners established through the passage of thousand of laws.
 * Legislation reserved the best jobs for whites and carefully defined the contacts permissible.
 * The right to vote and political representation were denied to black Africans.
 * The restrictions combined with very limited opportunities for higher education for black Africans.
 * Black Africans political parties were struggling for their efforts for decolonization.

Page 804-806 South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise
 * South Africa was not the only area that was still under some form of colonial dominance decades after India’s independence.
 * Southwest Africa because fully free of South African control only in 1989 and some of the smaller islands in the west remained under European or American rule still in the present times.
 * The Afrikaners had solidified their internal control of the country under the leadership of the nationalist party.
 * South African were not allowed to vote leaving the Nationalist to win complete independence from the British in 1960.
 * Afrikaners moved to institutionalize the white supremacy and the white minority rule by passing thousands of laws.
 * Apartheid was not only created to ensure the monopoly of political power and economic dominance but to also impose a system of extreme segregation in all races of South Africa.
 * Separate and patently unequal facilities were established for different radical groups.
 * Recreation.
 * Education.
 * Housing.
 * Working.
 * Medical care.
 * Dating and “sex” across the racial lines were strictly prohibited.
 * High paying jobs were reserved for the white workers while the non white workers were required to carry passed that listed the part of South Africa of where they would live and work.
 * Separation was organized on a gander scale by the creation of several homelands within the area of South Africa.
 * Because of the overpopulations in the homeland the white minority was guaranteed a ready supply of cheap laborers to work in their factories, mines and farms.
 * Black organizations such as the African National Congress were declared illegal.
 * African leaders Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela were shipped off to a maximum security prison.
 * Steve Biko: a young organizer of the Black Consciousness movement who was murdered while he was in police custody.
 * The regime tried to capitalize on personal and ethnic divisions within the black minority of the community.
 * International boycotts greatly weakened the south African economy.
 * F.W. de Klerk: a moderate Afrikaner leader who pushed for reforms that began to dismantle the system of apartheid.
 * The peaceful surrender of Klerk suggested that a pluralist democracy might of succeed in South Africa.


 * Nation ||  || Date ||   || Colonial Power ||   || Nature of Movement ||   || Key Leader(s) ||   || Success? ||

- Violent - Nationalism - Wilson 14 point program. - Conflict between the nationalists and the French. ||  || - Charles de Gaulle- french presindent during the Algerian revolution. - Abdelhamid Ben Badis ||  || - One party socialist state. -Went went to being a colonial power. ||  ||
 * Algeria || 1962 ||  || France ||   || -Secret army organization

- savimbi ||  || - Nation plague of war. - Large controversy of mines. -Leaders do not last long in Angola ||  ||
 * Angola ||  || November 11,1979 ||   || Portugual ||   || - || - Holden Alvaro Roberto


 * Belgian Congo ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

- Saw the weaknesses of the British. - Non violent protests against the British. - Ended up becoming a violent proest because how the British responded. - Boycotted British goods. - Nkrumah was imprisoned. ||  || -Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ||  || -Successful because its high GDP. - Is one of the most economically stable countries in Africa. ||
 * Ghana ||  || March 5,1957 ||   || Great Britain ||   || -experience of Ghanans war vetreans.

- France colonized Guinea. - Guinea resistance defeated the french colony, - French-educated Guineans were allowed to vote. ||  || - Abmed Sekou Toure ||   ||   ||
 * Guinea ||  || October 2, 1968 ||   || France ||   || - Slave trade was disrupted in Guinea

-Political and social divisions ||
 * Kenya ||  || December 12, 1963 ||   || -Great Britian ||   ||   ||   || - Jomo Kenuatta ||   || -corruption


 * Madagascar ||  || June 26, 1960 ||   || France ||   || - ||   || - Philibert Tsitranana ||   ||   ||

Republic: May 31, 1961 ||  || Great Britain ||   || - Nelson Mandela - De Klerk - Jacob Zuma ||  || - Violent started many gureilla wars against British. -Literacy movement -Forced labor -confiscation of crops and minerals. ||  || - gain complete independence in 1961 and got ride of the system of apathied. - White government came into power. - Land redistructions. ||
 * South Africa ||  || May 31,1910

Zimbabwe Date: April 18,1980 Colonial power: Great Britain Nature of Movement: - Only white minority was represented. - Wanted to be free from the whites ruling, - Bans and travel restrictions on Rhodesian leaders. Key leaders: - Canaan Banna: First president of Zimbabwa. - Rubert Mugabe: successor. Success? - Many divisions.