Africa

1. Notes (page 435-440) MI: The trading of slaves from Africa, taken by the colony ships to make them work on plantations and use as labor workers. And it was the start of transporting slaves across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas. MI: A pattern toward the expansion of Portugal and other regions, and how it led to an expansion in the economy, for exports and imports. MI: The patterns of the difference in the genders of the Africans during times of the slaves. MI: The trade started to become disorganized because of the expansion, so it started to become more organized to still be able to still export and import and stay in competition with other countries.
 * The Atlantic Slave Trade**
 * __Factories__: established by the Portuguese. to use as forts and trading ports with resident merchants.
 * __El Mina__: a port type factory that was in the heart of the gold production regions of the forest zone.
 * exercised some control over the forts using a few personnel.
 * The Africans required goods from the Portuguese, who sometimes provided the African rulers with slaves that were bought from other stretches from the coastal areas.
 * Portugal's success resulted from the ability they had to penetrate the existing African trading routes, which would allow them to add specialized items with the countries Africa was trading with, probably to gain influence over them.
 * __Nzinga Mvemba__: an African ruler, with the help of the Portuguese advisers and missionaries that brought the whole kingdom he ruled over to the religion of Christianity.
 * __Luanda__: the basis for the Portuguese colony of Angola. A foundation that came from a settlement on the coast.
 * Trend Toward Expansion**
 * Expansion of the imports and exports of slaves. And within the changes of the year more exports and imports started to expand.
 * Demographic Patterns**
 * Woman were used during the slave trade as concubines and servants in north Africa and the middle east, but the Atlantic slave trade was more concentrated on men.
 * sold captives into slavery, preferred to sell the men and keep the women and children as slaves or extend the kin groups that already existed.
 * Organization of the Trade**

2. Page 440-448- African Societies, Slavery and the Save Trade MI: The Europeans used African slaves for labor workers. Meaning they could take them and use them for businesses if they belonged to the nobility, the king or the merchants. But, to obtain they would go into Africa and captured civilians to sell off to other people, as a source of prophet. And it effected the politics with in Africa because Europe started to take power, creating influences. MI: Two kingdoms in Africa that did not like the idea of slaves. They did not have the same views on the subject and looked differently on the presence on the European control over parts of Africa. MI: Focuses on the areas of East Africa and area of Sudan to show how they were effected by the slave trade. MI: the settlement of the Dutch colonies that brought conflict to the Europeans. And how Africans were trying to create a chiefdom that in the early 19th century, when it was expanding hoping that it would affect the region as a whole. MI: How the Mfecane and the Zulu rose to power.
 * Slaving and African Politics**
 * the European control of Africa, in either the politics or slaves, both resulted in the capture and selling of human lives.
 * shifted the locus of power in Africa.
 * Africa became influenced by the Europe because of the firearms, iron, horses, cloths, tobacco and other goods.
 * increase in firearms caused an increase in states to expand over neighbors to produce more slaves, and use them to trade for more guns to use to gain more slaves; endless cycle.
 * Asante and Dahomey**
 * __Asante__: an empire on the Golden Coast (name given by Europe) who rose to the prominence during the time of slave trading. They were made up of members of the Akan people that settled in and around the area of Kumasi.
 * __Osei Tutu__: leader in Africa who gained the title of __asantehene__.
 * the golden stool of Osei Tutu became a symbol of the Asante union, and created a link of various Akan clans under the authority of the asantehene but, recognized the autonomy of the subordinate areas.
 * __Dahomey__: a kingdom that developed amongst the Fon people, that had a different response to the European presence.
 * increased its firearms and slaves by raiding the controlled royal courts; armies included woman but, mainly attacked because they wanted more captives.
 * Dahomey expanded in eliminating the royal families and the customs of the areas it took under its control, and imposed its own traditions.
 * East Africa and the Sudan**
 * adjusted to the military presence of the Portuguese and the ottoman Turks.
 * Trading with the inferior continued to bring ivory, gold and a slightly slow increase on slaves.
 * plantation style colonies on islands.
 * large and small kingdoms were supported by the well-watered and highly populated regions.
 * __Luo:__ Nilotic group of people that resulted in the constructive relationship of dynasties amongst the states in the area of large great lakes in east central Africa.
 * __Fulani__: a pastoral group of people who were spread across a board area of the west Sudan.
 * White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa**
 * __Great Trek__: a movement by the Boers, that wanted to abolish the British slaves and impose restrictions on the holding of land to help the north free themselves of government interference.
 * The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power**
 * Mfecane
 * Swazi
 * Lesotho

3. page 448-453 MI: The Africa diaspora was a resistance against the idea of enslavement and the slave trade. African societies were taken into the world economy because of Europe imports of firearm, Indian textiles, Indonesian cowrie shells and tobacco from the Americas but, only to obtain Africa's ivory, gold and slave demonstrations in Africa to help mercantile the structure of the world. MI: The lives of slaves were changed when they were turned into enslavement. Their villages were destroyed and were separated from family and friends and were forced into the slave trade. So the slaves lives were like a game to the Americans and everyone else because they did not care about how they were affected only that they got slaves to do labor jobs on plantations. MI: How the Africans adapted to the ways in the Americas, by being put on plantations and becoming labor workers for owners. MI: The American slave societies were reflected off by the various European origins and it component the African cultures but, were still similar on different levels. So it shows how the Americans were affected by the slaves within their society and tried to understand their culture and tried to bring them into their culture. MI: The African people were exiled from their own religions and had to convert to the religion of the Americans. And the gods that the slaves believed could not be in American religion because they were catholic and believed in only one true god. MI: The ending of Slavery in the Americas and how it stopped the trading of slaves amongst the people and it got ride of slavery and made them citizens of the Americas.
 * The African Diaspora**
 * prices of slaves increased slowly during the 18th century and the terms for trading increased was ideal to the African merchants.
 * Slave Lives**
 * Conditions were deadly; one-third of the captives died on the voyage to the Americas because the illnesses carried on them, so if that person died then the person next to them will contract the same illness and die from it.
 * 700 slaves were put all together in one place, so it was cramped and caused a higher mortality.
 * mortality rate was about 18%. Out of 700 about 716 people died on the voyage to the Americas.
 * __The Middle Passage__: the other name for the slave voyage to the Americas that caused slaves to be traumatic. They were taken from their homes, branded by the Europeans, dangers of bad conditions and the mistreatment, and being beaten.
 * the situation either led to suicide or resistance on the ships leading to a mutiny.
 * The Africans still had their languages, beliefs, artistic traditions and memories of the past and were not taken away when they reached the Americas.
 * Africans in the Americas**
 * Africans were brought to large landed estates to be used as labor workers.
 * At first their was sugar plantations; like the ones in south America with Portugal and the colony of Brazil. But then when time developed the plantations started producing rice, cotton and tobacco.
 * The Barbados and Virginia indentured the servants from England and replaced them with enslaved Africans when other crops became available.
 * The plantation system of farming with enslaved workers characterized the production of many tropical and semitropical crops in the demand by the Europeans.
 * Slaves also mined to the urban occupations such as artisans, street vendors, and household servants.
 * American Slave Societies**
 * __saltwater slaves__: Africans born slaves.
 * __Creole slaves__: American born descendants that were mulattos as a result from the sexual exploitation of slave woman or other ways of miscegenation; rape.
 * In the American slave societies there was a hierarchy of status that showed free white people were on the top of the status while the slaves were at the bottom, and free-men of color had a intermediate position.
 * The hierarchy created by the slaveholders and did not show the necessary perceptions amongst the slaves.
 * The People and Gods in Exile**
 * Working conditions were tiring and the lives of the slaves were often difficult and short.
 * family members were separated by selling and by the masters pleasure.
 * slaves lived in family units but, their marriages were not always as sanctioned by the religion of the masters.
 * Mixed up slaves within their plantations to help with strong identities of the Africans would be lost and they would go to the same tendencies in the uncut policies.
 * __Obeah__: name given to the African religion practices and the men and women held knowledge enough in were it was held with high regards with in community.
 * __Candomble__: the religious practices given to the Brazilians.
 * __Vodun__: the religious practices of the Haitians.
 * The reality of the slave voyage meant that the religious ideas were easier to change over then the institutional aspects of a religion.
 * Slaves help new faiths in Christianity and their beliefs at the same and tried not to get them tangled together.
 * __Palmares__: was a large runaway slave kingdom with numerous villages and a population of 8,000 to about 10,000. But the Dutch and Portuguese tried to destroy the kingdom for about a century.
 * __Suriname__: a forest were it had a African American resistance. It was a former dutch plantation colony were numerous of slave ran off and mounted a perpetual war in the rain forest against different expeditions sent to hunt them down and bring them back or killed.
 * The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery**
 * the end of slavery resulted from the economic, political and religious changes in Europe and overseas in the American colonies and former colonies.
 * Manifestations from the Enlightenment, the age of revolution, Christian revivalism and the Industrial revolution.
 * disagreement about how the slave trade ended.
 * __William Wilberforce__: a religious leader of humanitarians who abolitionists movement gained strength against the merchants and the Western Indies interested.