The+West

media type="custom" key="8992786" I think this is the West because it is in the western part of Europe and when we associate the west we include the British and the French, also for the turn westernization.

Page 673-678: Outline Notes

The Roaring twenties Overall main idea: In the west consumerism started to fail because of the effect the war had on the economy leading to a depression. They had a hard time producing exports and playing for imports. Also the role of women changed in the societies and the United States and Japan gained economical and political tensions. Finally there were authoritarianism movements within Europe and Italy. Bouncing Back? MI: After the effects of World War I, the economy declined in Europe because of the changes and they are wondering if they can come back. § Women went to Nightclubs. § Started smoking. § Participated in new dance crazes. Other Industrial Centers MI: How the other countries started to industrialize and make more advancements toward the industrial centers that already existed. So we are not going to learn about the industries in Western Europe or anywhere they colonized. § //Henry Ford//: introduced the assembly line to the auto part industries in 1913. o Conveyor belts helped move the parts needed to build cars=semi-skilled workers. New Authorianism: The Rise of Fascism MI: The fascist movement in Italy under Benito Mussolini causing him to become the new authority. The New Nations of East Central Europe MI: The development of new nations that are located in Central Europe so its going to be talking about Poland and other regions in Central Europe.
 * Property damages and economic dislocations added to more problems.
 * Wartime governments printed new money rather then raising taxes.
 * Post war inflations.
 * Wiped out savings.
 * //Pablo Picasso//: had artistic creativity and led the cubist movement that rendered familiar objects into geometrical shapes.
 * Modern design in agriculture and furnishing gained some ground.
 * Important achievements in science.
 * //Albert Einstein//: discovered the theory of relativity using physics.
 * Gained knowledge of the atomic structure.
 * Advancements in genetics.
 * Middle Class women got new involvement in the popular culture.
 * Women gained the right to vote in Germany, Great Britain, the United States and Turkey.
 * Australia gained their independence in 1901 and gained particular pride in their military roles.
 * The British Common Wealth of Nations was a association of free members=became a symbol.
 * Dominions registered solid export growth and the population gains from the immigrants.
 * Organization of the new work systems changed.
 * The United States increased in popular cultural exports.
 * Jazz music sang by the African Americans spread from the south to having performances in Europe.
 * The U.S Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and refused to enter the League of Nations=isolating themselves, reduce involvement in world affairs.
 * Fear if communism was on high alerts in the United States=red scare.
 * Japan had agricultural improvements with the greater use of fertilizers and mechanical equipments; metallurgy, shipbuilding and electrical power plants.
 * Japanese military leaders trained separately and reported directly to the emperor=political controls reduced their budget.
 * Expanded voting rights to all adult men.
 * No agreement on the political structure in Japan.
 * Benito Mussolini: was a former socialist and a former soldier in 1919.
 * Led the fascist movement in Italy.
 * Became a totalitarian leader.
 * Capitalism and socialism was replaced in the new national unity.
 * Fascists seized power by any way needed to build up a strong state=violent attacks against political groups=promote chaos.
 * Fascism: a group of people who were disenchanted with the liberals, the parliamentary systems and the social conflicts.
 * Labor unrests increased and it convinced people that it was essential that new measures were taken against ineffective liberal leaderships.
 * The growing political divisions and the threats from the working class left the king of Italy to call upon Mussolini to help form a new government.
 * Authorian regimes started to take place in central Europe during the 1920s.
 * The new nations used western-style parliaments to help begin their region but, most of them could not maintain it because of the difficulties in the economy.
 * The Rivalries in the small eastern European states became weakened by the diplomats and the economy.
 * The political patterns in Central Europe resulted in Social tensions.
 * Poland-dictatorship
 * Yugoslavia-monarchs seizer of new power.

Page 690-695 Outline Notes The Global Great Depression Causation The Debacle Responses to the Depression in Western Europe The New Deal The Authoritarian Response The Rise of Nazism The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War Economic and Political Changes in Latin America
 * The Great Depression was when the stock market in New York crashed in 1929.
 * It resulted from the new problems in the industries in both Europe and the United States combined with the long term weakness of the economy.
 * The final result of the problem was a worldwide collapse that spared very little of economies and brought about political and economic pressures.
 * Structural problems affected many of the industrial societies.
 * Farmers thought much of the western world and the United States leading to an overpopulation of food and resulting low prices.
 * Food production had soared during the time of war.
 * Farmers borrowed heavily to buy new equipment but it overconfident that their markets could be sustained.
 * Rising European production combined with the large imports from both the Americas and New Zealand caused the prices to become lower.
 * Lower earnings.
 * Debts became harder to pay.
 * The economies in France and Germany seemed to have recovered by 1925 but the problems still continued.
 * Loans from the U.S. banks helped the European enterprises sustain demands for goods but additional loans started to pour to help pay off the resultant debts.
 * The European governments and businesses organized their African colonies to become more profitably exploited.
 * Drove the prices and earnings in Africa and Latin America.
 * Dependent economies were unable to buy many of the industrial exports, weakening the demands for western products.
 * Governments of the leading industrial nations provided scant leadership during the emerging crisis.
 * Nationalism became predominated.
 * Western nations were more concerned about repaying debts owed to them or about constructing tariff barriers to protect their own industries.
 * Stock values tumbled as the investors quickly lost confidence in prices because they became too high.
 * The Banks depended heavily on stock investments causing the depositors to go into a financial crisis.
 * When one of piece of the speculative spiral was taken the rest of it quickly collapsed.
 * Investments funds dried up as creditors went bankrupt.
 * Industrial production began to fall rapidly.
 * Unemployed and underpaid workers could not buy goods whose production might give other workers jobs.
 * New and appalling problems developed amongst the workers causing them to be out of the job or suffering to working fewer hours reducing their pay.
 * The economic hardships of war caused the government to become unprepared.
 * The Suicide of ruined investors in New York was equal to the vagrant camps.
 * The West lost their jobs for a prolonged period.
 * Graduating students could not find jobs for work so they had to resort to jobs that they thought were insecure and demeaning.
 * Families became disrupt.
 * Men felt emasculated because of their inability to provide for their families.
 * Women and Children were disgusted with the authority figures.
 * Hollywood movies tried to cheer up the people who were suffering from the depression in 1938.
 * Comic book figure: Superman=provided an alternative to normal life.
 * Unemployment rose rapidly in the export sectors of Latin American economy creating a major political challenge.
 * National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of other countries=worsened the international economy.
 * Governments tried to cut spending and reflected the decline of the revenues that accompanied the falling production.
 * Their measures reduced economic stimulus and pushed additional workers out of their jobs.
 * The Great Depression led to one of two effects: parliamentary system became increasingly incapacitated or the out right overturning of the parliamentary system.
 * Socialist and communist parties expanded,
 * Popular Front: a response from the liberals, the socialist and the communists to help win them the elections.
 * The popular front government was unable to take strong measures for social reforms.
 * The popular front fell in 1938 causing France to be closed in a standstill.
 * Increased government spending provided new levels of social insurance for illnesses and unemployment.
 * New Deal: A policy that unfolded during the 1930s under Franklin Roosevelt that offered a more direct aid to Americans but at the risk of increasing unemployment benefits.
 * The New deal undertook economic planning and stimulus for both the industries and agriculture while creating a new banking system.
 * The Deal ushered in a rapid government growth.
 * Restored the confidence of Americans in the political systems.
 * In Germany the impact of the Depression led to a new fascist regime.
 * Germany had suffered the shock of losing World War I and the arrangements that was primary to blame for the war on the German nation.
 * The movement advocated many former veterans who attacked the weaknesses of the parliamentary democracy and the corruption and the class conflicts.
 * The Nazi regime in Germany under the command of Adolf Hitler made a new political movement of major forces in world history.
 * Hitler repeated standard fascist arguments about unity and the hope for weakening the parliamentary politics.
 * Hitler focused grievances against current modern life, department stores to feminism and by attacking the Jewish people who he thought had influence in Germany.
 * Hitler set up a totalitarian state that would exercise massive direct control over the activities of the subjects.
 * Gestapo: secret police who arrested hundred of thousands of political opponents.
 * Government economic planning helped restore productions levels.
 * Hitler blamed the Jewish for the different misfortunes and for the socialist and capitalist movements.
 * The actions taken against the Jew became more severe.
 * They had to wear a star of David
 * Property was taken or attacked.
 * Nazi triumph in Germany spurred the Fascist movements in other parts of Europe.
 * Mussolini promised an aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories=Hitler did the same thing.
 * In 1935 Mussolini attacked Ethiopia planning to avenge Italy’s failure to take over the land during the imperialist surge.
 * Fascism spread to Spain causing the Spanish civil war.
 * Spain won in 1939 under Francisco Franco.
 * Communist and anarchists played a crucial role in the movement=won support from the United States, Western Europe and the Soviet Union.
 * France, Britain and the United States made vague supporting gestures to the republican forces but made no concrete aid.
 * The limitations of liberalism became increasingly apparent in Latin America.
 * A middle class emerged and entered politics and gained power only to conjunction with the traditional oligarchy.
 * Increased industrialization did not get rid of the old class boundaries nor did the public education produce a more social mobility.
 * Artists and intellectuals to look to the Europeans for inspirations turned toward the Latin Americans for values and solving their problems.

Outline notes on WWII

Old and New Causes of a Second World War


 * The military of Japan despite the solid majorities of the moderate political parties.
 * Nationalistic forces in China got the upper hand over the regional warlords who dominated Chinese politics.
 * General Chiang Kai-shek was the head of the Guomindang who were able to win the support of intellectuals, students, the business class, the rural classes and the members of discredited Confucianism and rival military leaders.
 * The success in Guomindang worried Japan who feared that with China reunited would move to resist the control the Japanese had over Manchuria.
 * Started the Manchuria incident=blew up a subway system and blamed it on the Chinese=Manchukuo-puppet state.
 * Parliamentary government during the Weimar era was under siege from the time of civil leaders who agreed to sign the Treaty of Versailles in 1918.
 * National socialist (Nazi): a party captured by a steady rising portion of the votes and parliamentary seats.
 * The Nazi’s promised to put the German people back to work by restoring political stability and set a motion to a remilitarization program that would allow Germany to be free of the Treaty of Versailles.
 * Hitler and Mussolini intervened with their military in the Spanish civil war to gain an allied regime.
 * Italy and Germany used the Spanish conflict as a training ground for their air forces, main targets were ground forces.

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific
 * World War II started with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
 * World War II was provoked by the deliberate aggression of the Nazi’s and the Japanese.
 * Britain and France were willing to sacrifice small states unlike the isolated United States.
 * Winston Churchill: Britain’s prime minister who warned that a major war became inevitable because of Hitler’s insatiable ambitions.
 * Rival politicians and socialist leaders in France feared the remaining would put an end to schemes to rebuild welfare states after the Great Depression.
 * The city of Nanjing was attacked by the Japanese forces who took their frustrations out on the Chinese troops and the civilian population=Nanjing Massacre.
 * //The Tripartite Pact// that joined the three states was not signed until the war started in both Europe and East Asia in September of 1940.
 * Hitler’s invasion of Poland ended the lingering doubts about the contempt for treaties and repeated assurance.

Nazi Blitzkrieg, stalement and the Long Retreat
 * Nazi War machines captured France=Battle of Normandy; and the low countries with speed forcing the British army to retreat.
 * Blitzkrieg: German meaning “lightning war” involving rapid penetration of enemy territory that was combined with tanks, troop carriers, back up infantry and air force bombers.
 * Vichy: the Nazi puppet regime.
 * Battle of Britain: Between the Germans and the British; bombed London and other British countries. British won by innovating air tactics and radar tracking of the German assaults.
 * Erwin Rommel: A soon to be legendary commander from North Africa and Egypt by seizing the Suez Canal and cutting the British off from Asia.
 * The red armies went on the offensive and become overextended undermanned and vulnerable German front.

From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler’s War against the Jews
 * Hitler and his men persecuted Gypsies, leftist politicians, homosexuals, Poles, intellectuals and communists.
 * Final Solution: kill all the people who did not fit the Aryan race.
 * Holocaust: twelve million people were murdered.
 * Armenian Massacre: The Turkish people came in to the Armenian territory, killed all the political leaders and people who could influence and sent the people on a march where they would die by exostion, hunger, dehydration and if you did something that the Turkish army did that they did not like, and then they would shoot you on the spot. So children were killed or they became orphaned.

Anglo-Americans offensives, Encirclement and the end of the 12 year Reich
 * United States provided military supplies to Britain.
 * German U-boats attacked the United States ships crossing the Atlantic= led to forming wolf packs.
 * Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s last effort to repel the invading allied armies but, his attempt failed.
 * Hitler committed suicide in one of his Bunkers in Berlin.

The Rise and fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War
 * Pearl Harbor: A Japanese attack on the island of Hawaii, sinking and destroying all the battle ships docks and also attacked air force areas so no one could stop them= Americans involvement in the war siding with the allied power.
 * Battle of the Coral Sea: battle between the United States and the Japanese leading to the stand off between their naval and air force.
 * Midway Island= Battle of Midway
 * Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
 * Those who were the epicenter were destroyed completely and those who survive (people who were not near the spot where it hit) suffered radiation poisoning.

Wars End and the Emergence of the Superpower standoff
 * World War II did not produce the sweeping peace settlements.
 * United Nations (UN): an international organization as an aftermath of World War II.
 * Shaped policies and programs that affected child labor, women rights and environmental protection.

From Hot War to Cold War
 * Tehran Conference: the meeting where the allies agreed on the invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Questions page 737-750

The Cold War divided Europe with the war of Berlin which led to separation west and east Germany between France, Britain and more importantly the United States with the Soviet Union. The implications of this division was after world war II, the allied powers divided Germany into two different sides mostly because the United States wanted to alienate communism and its influence. And there was also the Russian people going to the west side causing the Berlin Wall to be built and led to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and eventually leading to the cold war.
 * **What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?**
 * How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?

The European government moved toward liberal democracies because new regimes had to be created in Germany and Italy to put an end to the Fascism and leadership by Nazis.
 * Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?

The welfare state was created by the Western Europeans as a activism movement to help support the economic policies and welfare issues after world war II to avoid going into another depression. They were developed because the British governments needed a way to reduce the impact of the economic inequalities and reward the lower class. And it gave a lot of insurance on things but, there was issues like it caused enlargement of the bureaucracies and taxes started to become more expensive. It also caused the __technocrats__ who were trained in economics. The United States was happy to help the Europeans in their economic recovery. They used the Marshall plan to discuss tariffs and other developments that would might cause an issue. Also helped the Germany with NATO to help create a framework from diplomatic reforms. Institutions were developed and were linked to heavy industries to help later with atomic power. Finally there was the European Union or the common market that created economic entities across the national political boundaries. - Welfare states and the European Union encouraged the growth in improving purchasing power masses and facilitating market expansion. - Agricultural production and productivity increases as farmers adopted new equipment and seedlings. - Food production met the European needs. - Industries produced more textiles and metallurgical products. - Expensive products started to become more rapidly produced giving the industries more growth in the economy. - The rapid growths in the economy depended on the technological changes. - Remained the center of weapon production. - The people involved in filling functions rose rapidly=teachers, clerks, medical personnel, insurance and bank workers and performers. - Immigrations started up because of labor shortages. - The unprecedented economic growth and low unemployment led to unprecedented improvements on incomes. - New rapid movement on spending money. - Shopping malls and supermarkets were introduced across the Atlantic ocean. - Economic inequalities increased. - Canada forged its welfare policies after World War II establishing a greater stake in economic planning and state-ran medical insurance. - Canadian resources and exports and imports slowly soared into the 1970s. - However the most distinctive issue involved the agitation of the French Canadians in Quebec for its regional autonomy for its national independence. - A new Canadian constitution was created in 1982 that granted greater voice for the provinces to counter the French Canadian demand and also to help strengthen the growing economy in the rich resourced western Providences. -Australia and New Zealand moved slowly away from the traditional alignments with Great Britain towards more of the horizons of the Pacific. -Australia backed up the United States in the intervention during the war in Vietnam. - Both helped during the Korean War. - New Zealand started to distance themselves from the United States foreign policy. - Australian and New Zealand exports become more increase toward the Pacific nations. - Australian became Japans chief in raw-material suppliers aside from oil. - The Asian immigration population made up 60 percent of the total population in Australia. The growing rule of the United States in World affairs was that we helped create a peace core in Europe after World War II ended until before when he just isolated ourselves. Also getting themselves involved with the Soviet Union to start the cold war and also the United States getting involved in the Korean War siding with the south and creating the division between them over communism influence. Finally the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The Women in the post war West was that there was new working patterns. World War II brought increased factory and clerical jobs for women. Their education improved and had better qualifications. However, the divorce rate better women and men increased. And there was a new feminism movement to help shape the public about the second sex. - Discovery of the Basic DNA structure that showed the genetic building of our genetics. - European space research. - Nuclear Research. - Change from old art to more modernized form= Pop art.
 * What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?
 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe
 * Outline economic development in Europe
 * Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)
 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affair.
 * Trace developments for women in the post war West
 * Outline cultural developments in Europe.